Certified Governance Risk and Compliance (CGRC) Practice Exam 2026 - Free CGRC Practice Questions and Study Guide

The primary authentication method being described involves the use of smart cards, usernames, and passwords, which aligns perfectly with multi-factor authentication (MFA). Multi-factor authentication enhances security by requiring two or more independent credentials for verification.

In this scenario, the smart card provides something the user has, while the username and password represent something the user knows. This layered approach significantly increases the protection of sensitive information by making it much harder for unauthorized users to gain access, as they would need to possess more than one form of authentication.

In contrast, other methods, such as anonymous authentication, do not require identification, thereby lacking the assurance of security. Biometrics rely solely on physical characteristics, which is not included here. Mutual authentication typically involves both parties verifying each other's identity, which is a different process entirely. Thus, the combination of smart cards, usernames, and passwords distinctly qualifies as multi-factor authentication.